What are Heat Shock Proteins?
          Heat shock proteins are divided into several classes, they are found in every living organism. As well as being constitutively expressed regardless of circumstances, Heat shock proteins (HSPs) were named because they protect cellular proteins during extreme heat.It is now recognised that HSPs are produced in response to extreme cold, exposure to UV, pH changes, toxicity, oxidative stress, nutrient deficiency, disease (including cancer) and tissue damage.Genes responsible for production of HSP proteins are capable of rapid synthesis when necessary, cells experiencing stress respond with significant upregulation of HSPs.
          热休克蛋白被分为几类，它们存在于每个生物体中。除了在任何情况下组成型表达外，热休克蛋白(HSPs)的命名也因为它们在极端高温下保护细胞蛋白质而来。目前已经认识到，HSPs是针对极端寒冷，暴露于紫外线，pH变化，毒性，氧化应激，营养缺乏，疾病（包括癌症）和组织损伤而产生的。负责产生HSP蛋白的基因能够在必要时快速合成，应激细胞的HSPs便会显着上调。

          Heat shock factors such as HSF1, HSF2 and HSF4 from the heat shock factor family promote rapid transcription and will stop the process once no longer needed.HSP27, HSP70, HSP90 and HSP110 are the main HSPs found in abundance after stress. HSPs are an increasingly useful tool in a wide range of research fields: immunology, neurology, ageing,cancer，cell signaling and medicine, among others. The production of HSPs during extreme heat is a useful marker in forensic analysis of tissues subjected to fire as an increased amount of HSP indicates that the individual was alive after the fire began.
         来自热休克因子家族的热休克因子如HSF1，HSF2和HSF4可在应激条件下促进快速转录，并且一旦不再需要就会停止该过程。HSP27，HSP70，HSP90和HSP110是目前被发现的大量应激后所产生的主要HSP类型。在广泛研究领域，如免疫学，神经病学，衰老，癌症，细胞信号传导和医学等，HSP均成为越来越有用的工具靶标。如在极端高温下产生HSPs 可作为在火灾后组织的法医分析中的靶标，HSP表达量的增加表明个体在火灾开始后仍然存活。

   



What Heat Shock Proteins do？
         HSPs help to maintain homeostasis and stability of cellular proteins in many ways, they often work together to perform a combination of events.With some functions not yet understood, it is known that many HSPs have multiple roles.
         热休克蛋白有助于以多种方式维持细胞蛋白的稳态和稳定性，它们通常与相关蛋白相互作用以共同完成相应的生物功能。虽然热休克蛋白的一些功能尚未被明确，但是可以确定许多热休克蛋白在体内均具有多种生物作用。


            HSPs have the ability to form complexes with substrate proteins and with each other to aid synthesis, assembly, folding, quality control, import and export of proteins as well as playing a role in preventing aggregation and regulating apoptosis. During external stresses they prevent proteins denaturing and refold denatured proteins. They function within the cytosol, in mitochondria and in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), helping to control movement of proteins and peptides within and between cells. As well as managing repair or degradation of damaged proteins, HSPs frequently act as chaperones for proteins within the cell. They have been found to activate immune responses, HSP90 and HSP70 HSP groups play an active role in alerting immune cells to potential threats such as the presence of cancer or invasion by pathogens.
          热休克蛋白具有与底物蛋白形成复合物的能力，并且彼此之间有助于合成，组装，折叠，质量控制，蛋白质的输入和输出，以及在防止聚集和调节细胞凋亡中起作用。在受外部应激期间，它们可阻止蛋白质变性并重折叠变性蛋白质。它们在胞质溶胶，线粒体和内质网（ER）中起作用，有助于控制细胞内和细胞间蛋白质和肽的移动。除了管理受损蛋白质的修复或降解外，HSP还经常作为细胞内蛋白质的分子伴侣。目前已发现HSP还可激活免疫反应，HSP家族中的HSP90和HSP70在警告免疫细胞潜在威胁（如癌症的存在或病原体入侵）方面发挥积极作用。


           HSP90 is found in large quantities in the cell, forming up to 2% of protein within an unstressed cell, complexes containing HSP90 perform many functions including activation of hormone receptors and key signaling kinases. Among a wide range of known functions, HSP70 and HSP90 also function as peptide carriers, capable of presenting peptides derived from tumours. Other HSP families prevent protein aggregation.
           HSP90在细胞中大量存在，在无应激细胞中形成高达2％的蛋白质，含有HSP90的复合物可发挥许多功能，包括激活激素受体和关键信号激酶。在广泛的已知功能中，HSP70和HSP90还起到肽载体的作用，能够呈递源自肿瘤的肽。其他HSP家族可防止蛋白质聚集。


Heat Shock Protein Research
           With antibody binding capabilities, identification and quantification of HSPs is easy. Emerging areas of research show that HSPs are regulated by statins. Heat shock protein-peptide complexes could potentially be used within vaccines and as a drug target. With such a wide range of functions and capabilities, HSPs have great research potential.
            利用抗体结合能力，我们很容易对HSPs进行鉴定和定量。新兴研究领域表明，HSP受他汀类药物的调节。热休克蛋白 - 肽复合物可潜在地用于疫苗中并用作药物靶标。HSP具有如此广泛的功能和能力，具有很大的研究潜力。
 

         HSPs彼此之间，与细胞途径中的激酶，以及包括抗体在内的其他分子都可形成复合物，使其成为有价值的研究工具。请参见上面的表格，biorbyt为热休克蛋白研究提供的相应抗体，蛋白质和ELISA试剂盒。欢迎与我们联系咨询热休克蛋白相关的产品信息。


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